To Permanent Representatives of Member and Observer States of the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Council (Geneva, Switzerland)

Your Excellencies,

One year on, the armed conflict that broke out in Sudan on 15 April 2023 continues. Since fighting erupted between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and their affiliated forces, thousands of people have lost their lives and 8.6 million have been displaced. As of 15 April 2024, 18 million people faced acute food insecurity, including 14 million children, and 24.8 million people were in need. Over 70% of hospitals were no longer functional. The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights has warned of a further escalation, including in North Darfur.

Violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law by all parties to the conflict, including targeting of civilians, sexual violence, and ethnically motivated attacks, have been reported. Some of these violations may amount to crimes under international law. The situation continues to develop rapidly on the ground, with recent escalating violence in and around El-Fasher city, North Darfur, raising the risk of further atrocities.

During the Human Rights Council’s 54th session (11 September-13 October 2023), following a call by civil society and a special session held on 11 May 2023, the Council established an international independent Fact-Finding Mission (FFM) for Sudan. The adoption of HRC resolution 54/2, with the broad mandate it granted the FFM, was welcomed as a milestone for accountability. As impunity is a key driver of cycles of violence in Sudan, facilitating accountability is a sine qua non to fight and deter violations.

Since the Council’s decision to establish the FFM, however, the UN’s liquidity crisis has also worsened. The UN system is facing its highest level of arrears ever, as a record number of states have failed to pay their membership dues in full in the last five years. The crisis has had an impact on the UN Secretariat as a whole, including the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), as well as on treaty bodies, special procedures, and OHCHR servicing to independent mechanisms. The FFM for Sudan has been hit particularly hard given the timing of its establishment. It has faced delays in getting its secretariat staffed and, at the time of writing (seven months after the adoption of resolution 54/2), it remains significantly under-staffed.

While the FFM might be reasonably functional (but will still be under-staffed) by the end of May 2024, is gathering information (including first-hand information from relevant sources and open-source data), and will produce an oral update at the Council’s 56th session (18 June-12 July 2024), the written report it will present to the Council at its 57th session (9 September-9 October 2024) will not, for reasons that are beyond the FFM’s control, be truly comprehensive. As the conflict, associated violations and abuses, and impunity continue, further investigations will be needed, including through field visits, to collect firsthand testimonies and verify additional allegations of violations, some of which may amount to crimes under international law.

In light of these developments, we, the undersigned non-governmental organisations, write to urge your delegation to support a Human Rights Council resolution that would:

• • • Extend the FFM’s mandate for at least one year to allow it to pursue its work, with regular updates to, and interactive dialogues at, the Human Rights Council; and
    • Make clear that the Council will remain actively seized of the matter, including by assessing the situation in Sudan and appropriate responses, which could include further extensions of the FFM’s mandate.

Furthermore, we urge the Council to follow up on resolutions S-32/1, 50/1, and S-36/1 by requesting additional reporting by the High Commissioner, with the assistance of his designated Expert, beyond the Council’s 58th session (February-April 2025).

Finally, we urge states to pay their contributions to the UN in full and on time to resolve the liquidity crisis and allow the FFM for Sudan, other independent investigations, and human rights bodies and mechanisms to fulfil their respective mandates, including by delivering outcomes and reports requested by intergovernmental bodies such as the Human Rights Council. 

We thank you for your attention to these pressing issues and stand ready to provide your delegation with further information as required.

Sincerely,

1. African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies (ACJPS)
2. AfricanDefenders (Pan-African Human Rights Defenders Network)
3. African Initiative of Women Human Rights Defenders (WHRD Initiative)
4. African Organization for Rights and Development (AFORD)
5. Alliance for Peacebuilding
6. Amnesty International
7. Atrocities Watch Africa
8. AWAFY Sudanese Organization
9. Burkinabè Human Rights Defenders Coalition (CBDDH)
10. Burundian Human Rights Defenders Coalition (CBDDH)
11. Cabo Verdean Network of Human Rights Defenders (RECADDH)
12. Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS)
13. Central African Network of Human Rights Defenders (REDHAC)
14. Centre for Democracy and Human Rights (CDD) – Mozambique
15. Civic Lab Home
16. CIVICUS
17. Coalition of Human Rights Defenders-Benin (CDDH-Bénin)
18. Consortium of Ethiopian Human Rights Organizations (CEHRO)
19. CSW (Christian Solidarity Worldwide)
20. Darfur Bar Association
21. Darfur Network for Human Rights (DNHR)
22. DefendDefenders (East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project)
23. FIDH (International Federation for Human Rights)
24. Fikra for Studies and Development
25. Geneva for Human Rights – Global Training (GHR)
26. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect (GCR2P)
27. HUDO Centre
28. Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust (HART)
29. Human Rights and Advocacy Network for Democracy
30. Human Rights Watch
31. Institut des Médias pour la Démocratie et les Droits de l’Homme (IM2DH) – Togo
32. International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI)
33. International Service for Human Rights (ISHR)
34. Ivorian Human Rights Defenders Coalition (CIDDH)
35. Journalists for Human Rights (JHR) – Sudan
36. Justice Africa Sudan
37. Kamma Organization for Development Initiatives (KODI)
38. Lawyers for Justice Sudan
39. Mozambique Human Rights Defenders Network (RMDDH)
40. National Union of Somali Journalists (NUSOJ)
41. Network of the Independent Commission for Human Rights in North Africa (CIDH Africa)
42. Nigerien Human Rights Defenders Network (RNDDH)
43. PAEMA
44. Peace Catalysts
45. People to People (PTP) – Sudan
46. Project Expedite Justice
47. Protection International Africa
48. REDRESS
49. Regional Centre for Training and Development of Civil Society (RCDCS) – Sudan
50. The Regional Coalition for Women Human Rights Defenders in Southwest Asia and North Africa (WHRDMENA)
51. Rights for Peace
52. Rights Realization Centre
53. Rural Extension Education and Development Organization (REEDO)
54. Self Help Group Association – Sudan
55. The Sentry
56. Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA)
57. Sudanese American Public Affairs Association, Inc. (SAPAA)
58. Sudanese Defenders Center for Legal Aid
59. Sudanese Human Rights Monitor (SHRM)
60. Sudan Human Rights Hub
61. Sudan Human Rights Network (SHRN)
62. Sudanese Women Rights Action
63. Sudan Human Rights Defenders Coalition (SudanDefenders)
64. Sudan Social Development Organization (SUDO)
65. Sudan and South Sudan Forum e. V.
66. Sudan Transparency and Policy Tracker
67. Sudan Unlimited
68. SUDO (UK)
69. Togolese Human Rights Defenders Coalition (CTDDH)
70. Tomorrow’s Smile Inc. (TSI)
71. US-Educated Sudanese Association (USESA)
72. Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF)
73. Women’s International Peace Centre
74. World Council of Churches
75. World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT)
76. Youth Citizens Observers Network (YCON